Part.I 磁盤管理
1.cfdisk #圖形化的很簡單. 不知道你們用什么 反正我喜歡這個 ^_^
cfdisk – display or manipulate disk partition table
必要參數的具體說明如下:
-a用箭頭表示選取,而不是以反白表示
-P顯示磁盤分區的內容
-z當作新磁盤直接使用
-c<數目>指定柱面數目,而不考慮BIOS的設置
-h<數目>指定磁頭數目,而不考慮BIOS的設置
-s<數目>指定磁盤分區數目,而不考慮BIOS的設置
-v版本信息
cfdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)
Disk Drive: /dev/sda
Size: 21474836480 bytes, 21.4 GB
Heads: 255 Sectors per Track: 63 Cylinders: 2610
Name Flags Part Type FS Type [Label] Size (MB)
—————————————————————————————-
Pri/Log Free Space 1.05 *
sda1 Boot Primary xfs 524.29 *
sda2 Primary LVM2_member 20949.50 *
[ Help ] [ New ] [ Print ] [ Quit ] [ Units ]
[ Write ]
Create new partition from free space
2.sfdisk #sfdisk為硬盤分區工具程序,可顯示分區的設定信息,并檢查分區是否正常,也可用來建立分區。
-s [or –show-size] 顯示一個分區的大小
-c [or –id]顯示或者修改文件系統類型ID
-l [or –list]顯示每個設備的分區表信息
-d [or –dump]同上,但是以一個格式化的方式輸出
-i [or –increment]number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
-uS, -uB, -uC, -uM 以扇面/塊/柱面數/MB為單位 顯示或形成報告
-T [or –list-types]顯示所有已知的sfdisk能辨識的文件系統ID
-D [or –DOS] 兼容DOS但是會浪費一點磁盤空間
-R [or –re-read]:讓內核重新讀取分區表
-N# 只改變分區的編號 #
-n 修改但實際上并沒有保存到磁盤
-O file 保存扇面修改并寫入分區表文件
-I file 重新恢復修改的扇面
sfdisk -d /dev/hda > hda-table 備份分區表并保存到文件
sfdisk /dev/hda < hda-table 從文件中恢復分區表
sfdisk -d /dev/hda | sfdisk /dev/hdb 在兩個磁盤間復制分區表
[root@localhost ~]# sfdisk
Usage:
sfdisk [options] <device> […]
Options:
-s, –show-size list size of a partition
-c, –id change or print partition Id
–change-id change Id
–print-id print Id
-l, –list list partitions of each device
-d, –dump idem, but in a format suitable for later input
-i, –increment number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
-u, –unit <letter> units to be used; <letter> can be one of
S (sectors), C (cylinders), B (blocks), or M (MB)
-1, –one-only reserved option that does nothing currently
-T, –list-types list the known partition types
-D, –DOS for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
-E, –DOS-extended DOS extended partition compatibility
-R, –re-read make the kernel reread the partition table
-N <number> change only the partition with this <number>
-n do not actually write to disk
-O <file> save the sectors that will be overwritten to <file>
-I <file> restore sectors from <file>
-V, –verify check that the listed partitions are reasonable
-v, –version display version information and exit
-h, –help display this help text and exit
Dangerous options:
-f, –force disable all consistency checking
–no-reread do not check whether the partition is in use
-q, –quiet suppress warning messages
-L, –Linux do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
-g, –show-geometry print the kernel's idea of the geometry
-G, –show-pt-geometry print geometry guessed from the partition table
-A, –activate[=<device>] activate bootable flag
-U, –unhide[=<dev>] set partition unhidden
-x, –show-extended also list extended partitions in the output,
or expect descriptors for them in the input
–leave-last do not allocate the last cylinder
–IBM same as –leave-last
–in-order partitions are in order
–not-in-order partitions are not in order
–inside-outer all logicals inside outermost extended
–not-inside-outer not all logicals inside outermost extended
–nested every partition is disjoint from all others
–chained like nested, but extended partitions may lie outside
–onesector partitions are mutually disjoint
Override the detected geometry using:
-C, –cylinders <number> set the number of cylinders to use
-H, –heads <number> set the number of heads to use
-S, –sectors <number> set the number of sectors to use
3. parted #磁盤分區和分區大小調整工具,與fdisk不同,它支持調整分區的大小。
-h顯示幫助信息
-i交互式模式
-s腳本模式,不提示用戶
-v顯示版本號
實例<Via http://man.linuxde.net/parted >
紅帽企業 Linux 4 Update 4供對大于 2 terabytes(TB)的磁盤設備的支持。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 35.8 GB, 35862976512 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4360 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 144 1052257+ 82 Linux swap
/dev/sda3 145 4360 33865020 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
[root@localhost ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted Copyright (C) 1998 – 2004 free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
使用/dev/sdb
(parted)mklabel gpt
(parted)print
/dev/sdb的磁盤幾何結構:0.000-2048.000兆字節
磁盤標簽類型:gpt
Minor 起始點 終止點 文件系統 名稱 標志
(parted)mkpart primary 0 2048 <—–上面print顯示的數字
(parted)print
/dev/sdb的磁盤幾何結構:0.000-2048.000兆字節
磁盤標簽類型:gpt
Minor 起始點 終止點 文件系統 名稱 標志
1 0.017 2047.983
(parted)quit
如果必要,不要忘記更新/etc/fstab。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 35.8 GB, 35862976512 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4360 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 144 1052257+ 82 Linux swap
/dev/sda3 145 4360 33865020 83 Linux
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 262 2097151+ ee EFI GPT
Partition 1 has different physical/logical beginnings (non-Linux?):
phys=(0, 0, 1) logical=(0,0, 2)
Partition 1 has different physical/logical endings:
phys=(1023, 254, 63) logical=(261, 21, 16)
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
262144 inodes, 524279 blocks
26213 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 28 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/sda3 <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 />32G 2.6G 28G 9% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
none 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 36M 1.9G 2% /mnt
4.fdisk #老牌分區軟件<Via http://man.linuxde.net/fdisk>
-b<分區大小>指定每個分區的大小
-l列出指定的外圍設備的分區表狀況
-s<分區編號>將指定的分區大小輸出到標準輸出上,單位為區塊
-u搭配"-l"參數列表,會用分區數目取代柱面數目,來表示每個分區的起始地址
-v顯示版本信息。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1 8001 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2 2 26 200812+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4): 1
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 2
Command (m for help): print
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p //建立主分區
Partition number (1-4): 1 //分區號
First cylinder (1-391, default 1): //分區起始位置
Using default value 1
last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-391, default 391): 100 //分區結束位置,單位為扇區
Command (m for help): n //再建立一個分區
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2 //分區號為2
First cylinder (101-391, default 101):
Using default value 101
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (101-391, default 391): +200M //分區結束位置,單位為M
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 100 803218+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 101 125 200812+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e //選擇擴展分區
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (126-391, default 126):
Using default value 126
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (126-391, default 391):
Using default value 391
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 100 803218+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 101 125 200812+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 126 391 2136645 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l //選擇邏輯分區
First cylinder (126-391, default 126):
Using default value 126
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (126-391, default 391): +400M
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4)
l
First cylinder (176-391, default 176):
Using default value 176
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (176-391, default 391):
Using default value 391
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 100 803218+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 101 125 200812+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 126 391 2136645 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 126 175 401593+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 176 391 1734988+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help):
在硬盤sdb我們建立了2個主分區(sdb1,sdb2),1個擴展分區(sdb3),2個邏輯分區(sdb5,sdb6)
注意:主分區和擴展分區的磁盤號位1-4,也就是說最多有4個主分區或者擴展分區,邏輯分區開始的磁盤號為5,因此在這個實驗中試沒有sdb4的。
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
100576 inodes, 200804 blocks
10040 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=209715200
7 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
14368 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb6
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
217280 inodes, 433747 blocks
21687 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=444596224
14 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
15520 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]#
建立兩個目錄/oracle和/web,將新建好的兩個分區掛載到系統:
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /oracle
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /web
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /oracle
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /web
查看分區掛載情況:
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
6.7G 2.8G 3.6G 44% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 125M 0 125M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 773M 808K 733M 1% /oracle
/dev/sdb6 1.7G 35M 1.6G 3% /web
如果需要每次開機自動掛載則需要修改/etc/fstab文件,加入兩行配置:
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /oracle ext2 defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb6 /web ext3 defaults 0 0
5.df #顯示磁盤分區上的可使用的磁盤空間
-a [or –all ]包含全部的文件系統
–block-size=<區塊大小>以指定的區塊大小來顯示區塊數目
-h [ or–human-readable ]以可讀性較高的方式來顯示信息
-H [ or—si ]與-h參數相同,但在計算時是以1000 Bytes為換算單位而非1024 Bytes
-I [or—inodes ]顯示inode的信息
-k [ or—kilobytes ]指定區塊大小為1024字節
-l [ —local ]僅顯示本地端的文件系統
-m [ or—megabytes ]指定區塊大小為1048576字節
–no-sync在取得磁盤使用信息前,不要執行sync指令,此為預設值
-P [ or—portability ]使用POSIX的輸出格式
–sync在取得磁盤使用信息前,先執行sync指令
-t<文件系統類型>或–type=<文件系統類型>僅顯示指定文件系統類型的磁盤信息
-T [ or–print-type ]顯示文件系統的類型
-x<文件系統類型>或–exclude-type=<文件系統類型>不要顯示指定文件系統類型的磁盤信息
–help顯示幫助
–version顯示版本信息
[root@LinServ-1 ~]# df
文件系統 1K-塊 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/sda2 146294492 28244432 110498708 21% /
/dev/sda1 1019208 62360 904240 7% /boot
tmpfs 1032204 0 1032204 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 2884284108 218826068 2518944764 8% /data1
使用-h選項以KB以上的單位來顯示,可讀性高:
[root@LinServ-1 ~]# df -h
文件系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/sda2 140G 27G 106G 21% /
/dev/sda1 996M 61M 884M 7% /boot
tmpfs 1009M 0 1009M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 2.7T 209G 2.4T 8% /data1
查看全部文件系統:
[root@LinServ-1 ~]# df -a
文件系統 1K-塊 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點
/dev/sda2 146294492 28244432 110498708 21% /
proc 0 0 0 – /proc
sysfs 0 0 0 – /sys
devpts 0 0 0 – /dev/pts
/dev/sda1 1019208 62360 904240 7% /boot
tmpfs 1032204 0 1032204 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 2884284108 218826068 2518944764 8% /data1
none 0 0 0 – /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
6.du #顯示目錄下所有文件和子目錄占用磁盤空間大小
-a [ or-all ] 顯示目錄中個別文件的大小
-b [ or-bytes ] 顯示目錄或文件大小時,以byte為單位
-c [ or—total ] 除了顯示個別目錄或文件的大小外,同時也顯示所有目錄或文件的總和
-k [ or—kilobytes ] 以KB(1024bytes)為單位輸出
-m [ or—megabytes ] 以MB為單位輸出
-s [ or–summarize ]僅顯示總計,只列出最后加總的值
-h [ or–human-readable ] 以K,M,G為單位,提高信息的可讀性
-x [ or–one-file-xystem ] 以一開始處理時的文件系統為準,若遇上其它不同的文件系統目錄則略過
-L<符號鏈接> [ or–dereference<符號鏈接> ] 顯示選項中所指定符號鏈接的源文件大小
-S [ or–separate-dirs ] 顯示個別目錄的大小時,并不含其子目錄的大小
-X<文件> [ or–exclude-from=<文件> ] 在<文件>指定目錄或文件
–exclude=<目錄或文件> 略過指定的目錄或文件
-D [ or–dereference-args ] 顯示指定符號鏈接的源文件大小
-H [ or—si ] 與-h參數相同,但是K,M,G是以1000為換算單位
-l [ or –count-links ] 重復計算硬件鏈接的文件
[root@localhost ~]# du /tmp –max-depth=2
0 /tmp/.X11-unix
0 /tmp/.XIM-unix
0 /tmp/.Test-unix
0 /tmp/.ICE-unix
0 /tmp/.font-unix
32 /tmp/hsperfdata_root
0 /tmp/.esd-0
0 /tmp/tracker-extract-files.0
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-vmtoolsd.service-6B52wS/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-vmtoolsd.service-6B52wS
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-cups.service-NRAW9g/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-cups.service-NRAW9g
0 /tmp/.esd-988
0 /tmp/.esd-1000
0 /tmp/tracker-extract-files.1000
0 /tmp/hsperfdata_lethe
0 /tmp/kde-root
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-colord.service-8pFC1a/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-colord.service-8pFC1a
0 /tmp/akonadi-root.m8CZHQ
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-rtkit-daemon.service-rJ2EvH/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-rtkit-daemon.service-rJ2EvH
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-vmtoolsd.service-YnwnWL/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-vmtoolsd.service-YnwnWL
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-cups.service-5FlgDB/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-cups.service-5FlgDB
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-colord.service-KmmVvc/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-colord.service-KmmVvc
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-rtkit-daemon.service-K7mkBA/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-rtkit-daemon.service-K7mkBA
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-vmtoolsd.service-zUafAT/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-vmtoolsd.service-zUafAT
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-cups.service-X0i2eR/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-cups.service-X0i2eR
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-colord.service-M4XbD4/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-colord.service-M4XbD4
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-rtkit-daemon.service-qO3RUJ/tmp
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-rtkit-daemon.service-qO3RUJ
48 /tmp
[root@localhost ~]# du /tmp –max-depth=1
0 /tmp/.X11-unix
0 /tmp/.XIM-unix
0 /tmp/.Test-unix
0 /tmp/.ICE-unix
0 /tmp/.font-unix
32 /tmp/hsperfdata_root
0 /tmp/.esd-0
0 /tmp/tracker-extract-files.0
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-vmtoolsd.service-6B52wS
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-cups.service-NRAW9g
0 /tmp/.esd-988
0 /tmp/.esd-1000
0 /tmp/tracker-extract-files.1000
0 /tmp/hsperfdata_lethe
0 /tmp/kde-root
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-colord.service-8pFC1a
0 /tmp/akonadi-root.m8CZHQ
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-rtkit-daemon.service-rJ2EvH
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-vmtoolsd.service-YnwnWL
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-cups.service-5FlgDB
0 /tmp/systemd-private-e242a57c129540489ff194eb40a95b9e-colord.service-KmmVvc
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-rtkit-daemon.service-K7mkBA
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-vmtoolsd.service-zUafAT
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-cups.service-X0i2eR
0 /tmp/systemd-private-93b078bb14234a13b6c780a3235d7f48-colord.service-M4XbD4
0 /tmp/systemd-private-4600be2ef5184890a45864550edac96b-rtkit-daemon.service-qO3RUJ
48 /tmp
7.dd #吊炸天的好東西作用:“可從標準輸入或文件讀取數據,依指定的用法來轉換數據,再輸出到文件、 設備或標準輸出。
bs <字節數〉設置輸入/輸出的字節數
cbs <字節數〉設置轉換的字節數
conv <關鍵字〉轉換方式
cout=<區塊數〉指定讀取的區塊數。
ibs <字節數〉設置每次讀取的字節數。
If=〈文件〉指定文件作為讀取的對象
obs <字節數〉設置每次輸出的字節數
of=<文件> 將結果輸出到指定的文件
seek <區塊數〉忽略指定的區塊數,不進行輸出
skip <區塊數〉忽略指定的區塊數,不進行讀取
help 顯示幫助信息
version 顯示版本信息
實例
( 1) 軟盤互相復制
要把一張軟盤的內容復制到另一張軟盤上 ,利用/tmp 作為臨時存儲區。把源盤插入驅 動據中,輸入下述命令:
$ dd if =/dev/fd0 of = / tmp/ tmpf ile
復制完成后,將源盤從驅動器中取出,把目標盤插入 ,輸入命令 :
$ dd if = / tmp/ tmpf ile of =/dev /f d0
復制完成后,應該將臨時文件刪除=
(2) 把 net.i 這個文件寫入盤中,并設定讀/寫緩沖區的數目 〈注意:軟盤中的內容會
被完全覆蓋掉〉
$ dd if = net.i of = /dev /fd0 bs = 16384
(3) 將文件 sflle 復制到文件 dfile 中
$ dd if =sfile of =dfile
(4 ) 整盤數據備份與恢復
整盤數據備份
將本地的/dev/hdx 整盤備份到/dev/hdy:
dd if =/dev/hdx of =/dev/hdy
將/dev/hdx 全盤數據備份到指定路徑的 image 文件:
dd if =/dev/hdx of=/path/to/image
備份/dev/hdx 金盤數據,并利用 gzip 工具進行壓縮,保存到指定路徑:
dd if=/dev/hdx | gzip /path/to/image .gz
將備份文件恢復到指定盤:
dd if=/path/to/ image of =/dev/hdx
將壓縮的備份文件恢復到指定盤:
gzip -dc /path/to/ image.gz | dd of=/dev/hdx
(5) 備份恢復 MBR 記錄
① 備份 MBR 記錄
備份磁盤開始的 5128 大小的隊在BR 信息到指定文件:
dd if=/dev/hdx of=/path/to/image count=l bs=512
② 恢復 MBR 記錄
將備份的MBR 信息寫到磁盤開始部分:
dd if =/path/to/image of =/dev/hdx
(6) 復制內存資料到硬盤
將內存里的數據復制到 root 目錄下的 mem.bin 文件:
dd if =/dev/ mem of =/ root /mem .bin bs= 1024
耍從光盤復制 iso 鏡像,可復制光盤數據到 root 文件夾下,并保存為cd.iso 文件:
dd if =/dev/cdrom of =/root/cd.iso
(7 ) 增加 swap 分區文件大小 創建一個足夠大的文件 (此處為 256MB )
dd if =/dev/ zero of =/swapfile bsa1024 count= 262144
把這個文件變成 swap 文件: mkswap /swa2file
啟用這個 swap 文件: swapon /swapfile
在每次開機的時候自動加載 swap 文件,需要在/etc/fstab 文件中增加一行:
/swapfile swap swap defaults O O
( 8 ) 銷毀磁盤數據 利用隨機的數據填充硬盤:
dd if =/dev/urandom of =/dev/hdal
在某些必要的場合可以用來銷毀數據。執行此操作以后 ,dev/hdal 將無法掛載,創建 和復制操作無法執行。
( 9) 修復硬盤
當硬盤較長時 間 〈比如一兩年〉 放置不使用后,磁盤上會產生 magnetic flux point 。當 磁頭讀到這些區域時會遇到困難,并可能導致 1/0 錯誤。當這種情況影響到硬盤的第一個 扇區時,可能導致硬盤報廢。下面的命令有可能使這些數據起死回生:
dd if=/dev/sda of =/dev/sda
8.
未完待續明天再寫
ByLethe
20160X0X
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原創文章,作者:雙慶 李,如若轉載,請注明出處:http://www.www58058.com/14134
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