1、創建一個10G分區，并格式為ext4文件系統；
(1) 要求其block大小為2048, 預留空間百分比為2, 卷標為MYDATA, 默認掛載屬性包含acl；
(2) 掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa0b19c72.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-10443, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 125829120 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 2048000 sda2
8 3 123268096 sda3
8 16 83886080 sdb
8 17 10490413 sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L 'MYDATA' /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系統標簽=MYDATA
操作系統:Linux
塊大小=2048 (log=1)
分塊大小=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
657408 inodes, 5245206 blocks
104904 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user
第一個數據塊=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=543162368
321 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312
正在寫入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p /data/mydata
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'LABEL=MYDATA /data/mydata ext4 defaults,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (6529-10443, default 6529):
Using default value 6529
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (6529-10443, default 10443): +1G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 2 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 設備或資源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060284 KiB
no label, UUID=54ef09ac-5e9e-4453-9269-84936c6c1c19
[root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2
3、寫一個腳本
(1)、獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備；
(2)、顯示每個磁盤設備上每個分區相關的空間使用信息；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat t3.sh
#!/bin/bash
#
i=1
fdisk -l /dev/[s,h]d[a-z] | grep "Disk /"
for DevName in $(ls /dev/[s,h]d[a-z][1-9]);do
if [ $i -eq 1 ] ;then
df -h $DevName | awk -v OFS=" " '{print $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6}'
let i++
else
df -h $DevName | grep -v "File" | awk -v OFS=" " -v name=$DevName '{print name,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6}'
fi
done
4、總結RAID的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同；
| RAID級別 | RAID0 | RAID1 | RAID5 | RAID6 | RAID10 | RAID01 |
| 容錯 | 無 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 |
| 冗余 | 無 | 鏡像 | 奇偶校驗 | 奇偶校驗 | 鏡像 | 鏡像 |
| 讀性能 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 |
| 寫性能 | 有所提高 | 略有下降 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 | 有所提高 |
| 最少磁盤數 | 2,2+ | 2,2+ | 3，3+ | 4，4+ | 4，4+ | 4，4+ |
| 允許磁盤最多損壞數 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 每組1個 | 每組1個 |
| 可用容量 | N*min(s1,s2,…) | N*min(s1,s2,…)/2 | (N-1)*min(s1,s2,…) | (N-2)*min(s1,s2,…) | N*min(s1,s2,…)/2 | N*min(s1,s2,…)/2 |
5、創建一個大小為10G的RAID1，要求有一個空閑盤，而且CHUNK大小為128k;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x75d40809.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-10443, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (1307-10443, default 1307):
Using default value 1307
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1307-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (2613-10443, default 2613):
Using default value 2613
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2613-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 125829120 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 2048000 sda2
8 3 123268096 sda3
8 16 83886080 sdb
8 17 10490413 sdb1
8 18 10490445 sdb2
8 19 10490445 sdb3
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 -x 1 /dev/sdb{1,2,3}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Aug 1 20:19:54 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10482176 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10482176 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Aug 1 20:20:40 2016
State : clean, resyncing
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Resync Status : 87% complete
Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : 2277076e:bc9b6d70:eabfb522:cee50958
Events : 14
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
2 8 19 - spare /dev/sdb3
6、創建一個大小為4G的RAID5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-10443, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-10443, default 10443): +4G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (524-10443, default 524):
Using default value 524
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (524-10443, default 10443): +4G
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (1047-10443, default 1047):
Using default value 1047
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1047-10443, default 10443): +10G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md5 -n 3 -l 5 -c 256 /dev/sdb{1,2,3}
mdadm: /dev/sdb1 appears to be part of a raid array:
level=raid1 devices=2 ctime=Mon Aug 1 20:19:54 2016
mdadm: largest drive (/dev/sdb3) exceeds size (4196864K) by more than 1%
Continue creating array?
Continue creating array? (y/n) y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md5 started.
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md5
/dev/md5:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Aug 1 20:35:52 2016
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 8393728 (8.00 GiB 8.60 GB)
Used Dev Size : 4196864 (4.00 GiB 4.30 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Aug 1 20:36:12 2016
State : clean, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 256K
Rebuild Status : 8% complete
Name : localhost.localdomain:5 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : 8d09334e:eb6c0810:f773a7f9:2030c941
Events : 2
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
3 8 19 2 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb3
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md5
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/md5 /backup ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
7、寫一個腳本
(1) 接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數；
(2) 顯示每個文件擁有的行數；
(3) 總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat test7.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -eq 0 ];then echo "Please give a file name !" exit 1 fi for i in $* do echo "$i have $(wc -l $i | cut -d' ' -f1) lines" done echo "本次共為$#個文件統計了其行數!"
8、寫一個腳本
(1) 傳遞兩個以上字符串當作用戶名；
(2) 創建這些用戶；且密碼同用戶名；
(3) 總結說明共創建了幾個用戶；
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -lt 2 ];then echo "At least give two username !" exit 1 fi for i in $* do useradd $i echo "$i:$i" | chpasswd done echo "Total Add $# users !"
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1-visitor20；計算他們的ID之和；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat test9.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i tid
for i in {1..20}
do
useradd visitor$i
let tid+=$(id -u visitor$i)
done
echo "Total id is $tid !"
10、寫一腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat test10.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i l1
declare -i space
for i in /etc/{rc.d/{rc.sysinit,init.d/functions},fstab}
do
let l1+=$(grep '^#' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
let space+=$(grep '^[[:space:]]*$' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
done
echo "Comment lines beginning with a '#' total $l1 lines !"
echo "Blank lines total $space lines !"
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名、UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat test11.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i uid for i in $(grep bash$ /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1) do echo "$i, `id -u $i`" let uid+=`id -u $i` done echo "Total uid is $uid !"
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名；并說明共有多少個此類用戶；
#!/bin/bash
awk '{FS=":"} $3 != $4 {print $1;n++}END{ print n}' /etc/passwd
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組；要求，PE大小為8M；而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件系統，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xdb484fda.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305):
Using default value 1305
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcbb0c025.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-1305, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305):
Using default value 1305
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate -s 8m myvg /dev/sd{b,c}1
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5g -n mlv1 myvg
Logical volume "mlv1" created
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg/mlv1
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/myvg/mlv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
— Volume group —
VG Name myvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.98 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2558
Alloc PE / Size 640 / 5.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 1918 / 14.98 GiB
VG UUID Yrb5ku-mOoE-cdk3-E0QW-QmyY-hM39-BRGBjk
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
— Logical volume —
LV Path /dev/myvg/mlv1
LV Name mlv1
VG Name myvg
LV UUID oqYvWw-FpYI-Ccd4-KWRG-V2Dq-pcNS-apoGJ6
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-08-02 22:23:21 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 640
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
– currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
14、新建用戶magedu；其家目錄為/users/magedu，而后su切換至此用戶，復制多個文件至家目錄；
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu
[root@localhost ~]# echo magedu:123456 | chpasswd
[root@localhost ~]# su - magedu
[magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd
/users/magedu
[magedu@localhost ~]$ cp /etc/{passwd,group} .
[magedu@localhost ~]$ ls
group passwd
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 9G /dev/myvg/mlv1 Size of logical volume myvg/mlv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mlv1 successfully resized [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mlv1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mlv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/myvg/mlv1 to 2359296 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mlv1 is now 2359296 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mlv1 LV Name mlv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID oqYvWw-FpYI-Ccd4-KWRG-V2Dq-pcNS-apoGJ6 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-08-02 22:23:21 +0800 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 9.00 GiB Current LE 1152 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [root@localhost ~]# ls /users/magedu/ group passwd
16、縮減mylv1至7G，確保縮減完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mlv1 WARNING: Reducing active and open logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mlv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mlv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mlv1 successfully resized [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mlv1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mlv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required On-line shrinking from 2359296 to 1835008 not supported. [root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mlv1 LV Name mlv1 VG Name myvg LV UUID oqYvWw-FpYI-Ccd4-KWRG-V2Dq-pcNS-apoGJ6 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2016-08-02 22:23:21 +0800 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 7.00 GiB Current LE 896 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [root@localhost ~]# ls /users/magedu/ group passwd
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據；要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息；
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -p r -s -n mylv1_snapshot /dev/myvg/mlv1 Logical volume "mylv1_snapshot" created
原創文章，作者：N21-天天，如若轉載，請注明出處：http://www.www58058.com/33353
寫的很好，但是為什么排版不一樣那？