1、創建一個10G分區，并格式為ext4文件系統；
(1) 要求其block大小為2048, 預留空間百分比為2, 卷標為MYDATA, 默認掛載屬性包含acl；
(2) 掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳；
[root@centos7study ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe879321a.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@centos7study ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 20971520 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 10488832 sda2
8 3 4194304 sda3
8 16 5242880 sdb
8 17 1048576 sdb1
8 18 1048576 sdb2
8 19 1048576 sdb3
8 32 20971520 sdc
8 33 10485760 sdc1
11 0 617472 sr0
253 0 8388608 dm-0
253 1 2097152 dm-1
253 2 307200 dm-2
[root@centos7study ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sdc1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=MYDATA
OS type: Linux
Block size=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655360 inodes, 5242880 blocks
104857 blocks (2.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=273678336
320 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos7study ~]# mkdir -pv /data/mydata
mkdir: created directory ‘/data’
mkdir: created directory ‘/data/mydata’
[root@centos7study ~]# echo '/dev/sdc1 /data/mydata ext4 defaults,noexec,nodiratime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
[root@centos7study ~]# mount -a
[root@centos7study ~]# mount | grep /dev/sdc1
/dev/sdc1 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noexec,nodiratime,relatime,seclabel,data=ordered)
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之；
[root@centos7study ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (20973568-41943039, default 20973568): +1G
Value out of range.
First sector (20973568-41943039, default 20973568):
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-41943039, default 41943039): +1G
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@centos7study ~]# partx -a /dev/sdc
partx: /dev/sdc: error adding partition 1
[root@centos7study ~]# !cat
cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
8 0 20971520 sda
8 1 512000 sda1
8 2 10488832 sda2
8 3 4194304 sda3
8 16 5242880 sdb
8 17 1048576 sdb1
8 18 1048576 sdb2
8 19 1048576 sdb3
8 32 20971520 sdc
8 33 10485760 sdc1
8 34 1048576 sdc2
11 0 617472 sr0
253 0 8388608 dm-0
253 1 2097152 dm-1
253 2 307200 dm-2
[root@centos7study ~]# mkswap /dev/sdc2
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=0340f886-5d37-4c99-bb32-bd3cef571c02
[root@centos7study ~]# swapon -a /dev/sdc2
[root@centos7study ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 2097148 0 -1
/dev/sdc2 partition 1048572 0 -2
3、寫一個腳本
(1)、獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備；
(2)、顯示每個磁盤設備上每個分區相關的空間使用信息；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat fdisklist.sh #!/bin/bash echo -e "All of disk:\n`fdisk -l | grep -o "[sh]d[a-z]" | uniq `\n" echo "The Disk information:" for i in `fdisk -l | grep "^/dev/[sh]d[a-z][1-9]" | cut -d' ' -f1`; do df -h $i done
4、總結RAID的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同；
RAID-0: 讀、寫性能提升； 可用空間：N*min(S1,S2,...) 無容錯能力 最少磁盤數：2, 2+ RAID-1： 讀性能提升、寫性能略有下降； 可用空間：1*min(S1,S2,...) 有冗余能力 最少磁盤數：2, 2+ RAID-4： 1101, 0110, 1011 RAID-5： 讀、寫性能提升 可用空間：(N-1)*min(S1,S2,...) 有容錯能力：1塊磁盤 最少磁盤數：3, 3+ RAID-6： 讀、寫性能提升 可用空間：(N-2)*min(S1,S2,...) 有容錯能力：2塊磁盤 最少磁盤數：4, 4+ 混合類型 RAID-10： 讀、寫性能提升 可用空間：N*min(S1,S2,...)/2 有容錯能力：每組鏡像最多只能壞一塊； 最少磁盤數：4, 4+
5、創建一個大小為10G的RAID1，要求有一個空閑盤，而且CHUNK大小為128k;
[root@centos7study ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdd
Disk /dev/sdd: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x645d84fd
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdd1 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdd2 4196352 8390655 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sdd3 8390656 12584959 2097152 83 Linux
[root@centos7study ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -n 2 -l 1 -a yes -c 128 -x 1 /dev/{sdd1,sdd2,sdd3}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array?
Continue creating array? (y/n) y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@centos7study ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Aug 22 21:44:43 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB)
Used Dev Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Aug 22 21:44:54 2016
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Name : centos7study:0 (local to host centos7study)
UUID : aeda4ef4:d7aaac0b:b062855f:81bfab77
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 49 0 active sync /dev/sdd1
1 8 50 1 active sync /dev/sdd2
2 8 51 - spare /dev/sdd3
6、創建一個大小為4G的RAID5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
[root@centos7study ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -n 3 -l 5 -a yes -c 256 /dev/{sdd1,sdd2,sdd3}
[root@centos7study ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Aug 22 21:51:51 2016
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 4190208 (4.00 GiB 4.29 GB)
Used Dev Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Aug 22 21:52:04 2016
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 256K
Name : centos7study:1 (local to host centos7study)
UUID : efffa3b7:b5728600:73535e40:c313a55c
Events : 18
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 49 0 active sync /dev/sdd1
1 8 50 1 active sync /dev/sdd2
3 8 51 2 active sync /dev/sdd3
[root@centos7study ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md1 : active raid5 sdd3[3] sdd2[1] sdd1[0]
4190208 blocks super 1.2 level 5, 256k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices: <none>
[root@centos7study ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@centos7study ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks
262144 inodes, 1047552 blocks
52377 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1073741824
32 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos7study ~]# echo '/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults,noatime,acl 0 0' >> /etc/fstab
[root@centos7study ~]# mount -a
[root@centos7study ~]# mount | grep /dev/md1
/dev/md1 on /backup type ext4 (rw,noatime,seclabel,stripe=128,data=ordered)
7、寫一個腳本
(1) 接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數；
(2) 顯示每個文件擁有的行數；
(3) 總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat sumlines.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -eq 0 ];then echo "Please give a file name at least!" exit 1 fi for i in $* do echo "$i have $(wc -l $i | cut -d' ' -f1) lines" done echo "SUM $# FILES LINES!"
8、寫一個腳本
(1) 傳遞兩個以上字符串當作用戶名；
(2) 創建這些用戶；且密碼同用戶名；
(3) 總結說明共創建了幾個用戶；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat createuser.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -lt 2 ];then echo "Please give 2 usernames at least !" exit 1 fi for i in $*;do useradd $i echo "$i:$i" | chpasswd done echo "Total Add $# users !"
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1-visitor20；計算他們的ID之和；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat sumuid.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i sumuid
for i in {1..20}
do
useradd visitor$i
let sumuid+=$(id -u visitor$i)
done
echo "Total id is $sumuid !"
10、寫一腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat sumlines2.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i line
declare -i nullline
for i in {/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions,/etc/fstab}
do
let line+=$(grep '^#' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
let nullline+=$(grep '^[[:space:]]*$' $i | wc -l | cut -d' ' -f1)
done
echo "The lines with a beginning of '#' is $line lines !"
echo "The lines with nothing is $nullline lines !"
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名、UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat sumuid2.sh #!/bin/bash declare -i sum_uid grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 1,3 for i in `grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f 3`;do let sum_uid+=i done echo "The uid sum is $sum_uid !"
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名；并說明共有多少個此類用戶；
[root@centos7study tmp]# cat sumuid2.sh
#!/bin/bash
declare -i sum_user
for i in `cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`; do
group=`id $i | awk -F, '{print $2}' `
if [ -n "$group" ];then
echo "$i"
let sum_user+=1
fi
done
echo "sum_user is $sum_user !"
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組；要求，PE大小為8M；而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件系統，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl；
[root@centos7study data]# fdisk -l /dev/sdc
Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe879321a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 2048 16779263 8388608 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdc2 16779264 33556479 8388608 8e Linux LVM
[root@centos7study data]# pvcreate /dev/sdc{1,2}
WARNING: ext4 signature detected on /dev/sdc1 at offset 1080. Wipe it? [y/n]: y
Wiping ext4 signature on /dev/sdc1.
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdc2" successfully created
[root@centos7study data]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 centos_centos7study lvm2 a-- 10.00g 0
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 --- 8.00g 8.00g
/dev/sdc2 lvm2 --- 8.00g 8.00g
[root@centos7study data]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc2
Volume group "myvg1" successfully created
[root@centos7study data]# vgdisplay -v myvg1
Using volume group(s) on command line.
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg1
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 15.98 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2046
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2046 / 15.98 GiB
VG UUID AWmd0l-iTIY-pv1z-lSGP-8mPB-QmcA-e7vdLI
--- Physical volumes ---
PV Name /dev/sdc1
PV UUID 0unhfN-c18W-TSnm-BTSp-5cFJ-aFdO-k2hfL3
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 1023 / 1023
PV Name /dev/sdc2
PV UUID 9z9ZOJ-ysmD-JTbH-VrCy-9LOB-aOV6-NSKcLH
PV Status allocatable
Total PE / Free PE 1023 / 1023
[root@centos7study data]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg1
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
[root@centos7study data]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos_centos7study -wi-ao---- 8.00g
swap centos_centos7study -wi-ao---- 2.00g
mylv1 myvg1 -wi-a----- 5.00g
[root@centos7study data]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg1/mylv1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@centos7study data]# mkdir /users
[root@centos7study data]# cat /etc/fstab
/dev/myvg1/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
[root@centos7study data]# mount -a
14、新建用戶magedu；其家目錄為/users/magedu，而后su切換至此用戶，復制多個文件至家目錄；
[root@centos7study ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [root@centos7study ~]# su magedu [magedu@centos7study root]$ cp /etc/fstab /users/magedu [magedu@centos7study root]$ cp -r /tmp/mytest1 /users/magedu [magedu@centos7study root]$ cp -r /tmp/mylinux/ /users/magedu
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@centos7study ~]# lvextend -L +4g /dev/myvg1/mylv1 /dev/sdc{1,2}
Size of logical volume myvg1/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents).
Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized.
[root@centos7study ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root centos_centos7study -wi-ao---- 8.00g
swap centos_centos7study -wi-ao---- 2.00g
mylv1 myvg1 -wi-ao---- 9.00g
[root@centos7study ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1
resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem at /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
The filesystem on /dev/myvg1/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long.
[root@centos7study ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos_centos7study-root 8.0G 1.9G 6.2G 24% /
devtmpfs 479M 0 479M 0% /dev
tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 489M 6.8M 483M 2% /run
tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/myvg1-mylv1 8.8G 25M 8.3G 1% /users
/dev/sda1 497M 123M 375M 25% /boot
tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
[root@centos7study ~]# ls /users/magedu/
fstab mylinux mytest1 sysconfig
[root@centos7study ~]# su magedu
[magedu@centos7study root]$ cd ~
[magedu@centos7study ~]$ pwd
/users/magedu
16、縮減mylv1至7G，確保縮減完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@centos7study ~]# umount /dev/myvg1/mylv1 [root@centos7study ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg1/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/myvg1/mylv1: 30/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75874/2359296 blocks [root@centos7study ~]# lvreduce -L -2g /dev/myvg1/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized [root@centos7study ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg1/mylv1 [root@centos7study ~]# mount -a [root@centos7study ~]# su magedu [magedu@centos7study root]$ cd ~ [magedu@centos7study ~]$ pwd /users/magedu
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據；要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息；
[root@centos7study ~]# lvcreate -L 3g -p r -s -n mylv_snapshot /dev/myvg1/mylv1 Logical volume "mylv_snapshot" created.
原創文章，作者：N21-孟然，如若轉載，請注明出處：http://www.www58058.com/38621
非常的棒，給出了操作詳細的過程，能把相關的知識在總結一下就更好哈，^_^