1、創建一個10G分區、并格式化為ext4文件系統
1）要求其block大小為2048，預留空間百分比2，卷標MYDATA，默認掛載屬性包含acl 2）掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳
#mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L mydata /dev/sda5 #mount /dev/sda5 /data/mydata -o noatime,noexec
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之
#fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (341858304-976773167, default 341858304):
Using default value 341858304
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (341858304-976773167, default 976773167): +1G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set\
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda6
[root@localhost ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.7G 93M 3.4G 8.4M 245M 3.4G
Swap: 3.0G 0B 3.0G
3、寫一個腳本
1）獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備 2）顯示每個磁盤設備上的每個分區相關的空間使用信息 #!/bin/bash # lsblk df -h 4、總結raid的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同
5、創建一個大小為10G的raid1，要求一個空閑盤，而且chunk大小為128K
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (341858304-976773167, default 341858304):
Using default value 341858304
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (341858304-976773167, default 976773167): +10G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (362831872-976773167, default 362831872):
Using default value 362831872
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (362831872-976773167, default 976773167): +10G
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 8
First sector (383805440-976773167, default 383805440):
Using default value 383805440
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (383805440-976773167, default 976773167): +10G
Partition 8 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-8, default 8): 8
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --auto=yes --level=1 --chunk=128K \
> --raid-devices=2 --spare-devices=1 /dev/sda{6,7,8}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? (y/n) y
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /media/
[root@localhost ~]# df -h /media/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0 9.8G 37M 9.2G 1% /media
6、創建一個大小為4G的raid5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
直接調用5題中的三塊盤配置raid5，大小為20G
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md1 --auto=yes --level=5 --chunk=256K --raid-devices=3 /dev/sda{6,7,8}
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk /dev/md1
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
md1 9:1 0 20G 0 raid5
#vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md1 /backup ext4 noatime,acl 0 0
7、寫一個腳本 1）接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數 2）顯示每個文件擁有的行數 3）總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
#!/bin/bash if [ $# -eq 0 ] ;then echo "You must input a file-full-directory at least!" else SUM=0; FILENUM=0; for file in $*; do if [ ! -f $file ];then echo "THE $file is not a file,please input again!" else LINE=$(cat $file|wc -l) echo $file has $LINE lines SUM=$(($SUM+$LINE)) FILENUM=$(($FILENUM+1)) fi done echo the file-num is $FILENUM; echo the tatol lines is $SUM; fi
8、寫一個腳本 1）傳遞兩個以上字符串當做用戶名 2）創建這些用戶，且密碼同用戶名 3）總結說明共創建了幾個用戶
#!/bin/bash declare sum=0; if [ $# -lt 2 ];then echo -e "\033[031m you must insert more string !\033[0m" else for name in $* do id $name>>/dev/null 2>&1 if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo -e "\033[031m the user $name is exist!\033[0m" else useradd $name && echo $name |passwd --stdin $name sum=$(($sum+1)) fi done echo "$sum users is created!" fi
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1- visitor20，計算他們的ID之和
#!/bin/bash # create 20 users and count the sum of users-id # 20161108 declare sum=0; for (( i=1;i<=20;i++ )) do id visitor$i >> /dev/null 2>&1 if [ $? -eq 0 ];then echo "The visitor$i is exist!" else useradd visitor$i && echo visitor$i |passwd --stdin visitor$i >>/dev/null 2>&1 uid=$(id -u visitor$i) sum=$(($sum+$uid)) fi done echo "the sum of user_id is $sum."
10、寫一個腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數
#!/bin/bash # # count the lines in /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions、/etc/fstab # 20161109 declare SUM1=0; declare SUM2=0; for file in /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions /etc/fstab do if [ -f $file ];then line1=$(grep "^#" $file|wc -l) >> /dev/null 2>&1 line2=$(grep "[[:space:]]\+" $file|wc -l) >> /dev/null 2>&1 echo "the $file the lines head by # is $line1,the space lines is $line2" SUM1=$(($SUM1+$line1)) SUM2=$(($SUM2+$line2)) else echo -e "\033[031m the $file is not exist or wrong \033[0m" fi done echo "the tatol of lines head by # is $SUM1,the tatol space lines is $SUM2"
~
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名，UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和
#!/bin/bash # Display the user whose shell is bash,and its uid and the sum of uid # 20161108 declare sum=0; for USER_NAME in $(grep "bash$" /etc/passwd|cut -d":" -f 1) do Uid=$(id -u $USER_NAME) echo "$USER_NAME's uid is $Uid" sum=$(($sum+$Uid)) done echo "The sum of user_id is $sum"
~
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名，并說明共有多少個此類用戶
#!/bin/bash # Display the user who have two subordinate-group # 20161108 USER=$(cat /etc/passwd|cut -d':' -f 1) declare SUM=0; for NAME in $USER do if [ `id -G $NAME |wc -w` -ge 2 ] ;then SUM=$(($SUM+1)) GROUP=$(id $NAME|cut -d' ' -f3) echo "The user $NAME groups is $GROUP" fi done echo "these are $SUM users"
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組，要求：PE大小為8M，而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl
#pvcreate /dev/sd{c1,d1,e1}
#vgcreate -s 8M testvg /dev/sd{c1,d1,e1}
#lvcreate -L +5G -n mylv1 testvg
#mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/mylv1
#vi /etc/fstab
/dev/testvg/mylv1 /users ext4 default,acl 0 0
#mount /dev/testvg/mylv1 /users
#df -h /users
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/testvg-mylv1 4.8G 21M 4.6G 1% /users
14、新建用戶magedu,其家目錄/users/magedu，而后su切換至此目錄，復制多個文件至家目錄
#useradd -d /users/magedu magedu #cp -r /var/* /users #ls /users adm crash empty games kerberos local log mail opt run tmp yp cache db ftp gopher lib lock lost+found nis preserve spool var
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用
[root@localhost ~]# df -h /users/ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/testvg-mylv1 4.8G 314M 4.3G 7% /users [root@localhost ~]# umount /users/ [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck /dev/testvg/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) /dev/testvg/mylv1: clean, 8488/327680 files, 133517/1310720 blocks [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 6G /dev/testvg/mylv1 Size of logical volume testvg/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 6.00 GiB (768 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/testvg/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/testvg/mylv1: 8488/327680 files (0.2% non-contiguous), 133517/1310720 blocks [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/mylv1 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/mylv1 to 1572864 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/testvg/mylv1 is now 1572864 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/testvg/mylv1 /users/ [root@localhost ~]# df -h /users/ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/testvg-mylv1 5.8G 314M 5.2G 6% /users [root@localhost ~]# ls /users/ adm crash empty games kerberos local log mail opt run tmp yp cache db ftp gopher lib lock lost+found nis preserve spool var
16、縮減mylv1至4G，確?？s減完成后數據可用
[root@localhost ~]#umount /users [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck /dev/testvg/mylv1 /*檢查下數據完整性 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/mylv1 4G /*如果是縮小空間，應先縮小其數據空間 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/mylv1 to 1048576 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/testvg/mylv1 is now 1048576 blocks long. lvreduce -L 4G /dev/testvg/mylv1 /*然后再縮小其lv邏輯空間 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 4.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume testvg/mylv1 changed from 6.00 GiB (768 extents) to 4.00 GiB (512 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/testvg/mylv1 /users/ /*掛載 [root@localhost ~]# df -h /users/ /*查看空間利用率，依然是314M Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/testvg-mylv1 3.9G 314M 3.3G 9% /users [root@localhost ~]# ls /users/ /*查看內容依然還在 adm crash empty games kerberos local log mail opt run tmp yp cache db ftp gopher lib lock lost+found nis preserve spool var
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據，要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 3.5G -n mylv1_snap -s /dev/testvg/mylv1 Logical volume "mylv1_snap" created. [root@localhost ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert root centos -wi-ao---- 27.46g swap centos -wi-ao---- 2.00g mylv1 testvg owi-aos--- 4.00g mylv1_snap testvg swi-a-s--- 3.50g mylv1 0.00 [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/testvg/mylv1_snap /mnt [root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/ adm db games lib log nis run var cache empty gopher local lost+found opt spool yp crash ftp kerberos lock mail preserve tmp
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寫的很好，排版也很漂亮，期待你的下一次佳作，完全可以當作模版博客來推薦了