1、創建一個10G分區，并格式為ext4文件系統； (1) 要求其block大小為2048, 預留空間百分比為2, 卷標為MYDATA, 默認掛載屬性包含acl； (2) 掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳；
mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L MYDATA /dev/sdc1 tune2fs -o acl /dev/sdc1 [root@localhost ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sdc1 | head -n 20 tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem volume name: MYDATA Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 07bffbb5-3c74-4be1-9d1e-9ebe41c82f34 Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 655360 Block count: 5242880 Reserved block count: 104857 Free blocks: 5121266 Free inodes: 655349 First block: 0 Block size: 2048 Fragment size: 2048 [root@localhost ~]# mount -o noatime,noauto -L MYDATA /data/mydata [root@localhost ~]# mount | tail -1 /dev/sdc1 on /data/mydata type ext4 (rw,noatime,seclabel,data=ordered)
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之；
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb2 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB no label, UUID=b74adcbd-fe54-48bf-947f-a0396cb0319f [root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sdb2 # [root@localhost ~]# free total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 1001336 194708 537976 7216 268652 606452 Swap: 3146744 0 3146744 [root@localhost ~]#
3、寫一個腳本 (1)、獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備； (2)、顯示每個磁盤設備上每個分區相關的空間使用信息；
[root@localhost tmp]# cat ./disfree.sh #!/bin/bash echo " all disks informations:" fdisk -l | grep "^Disk /dev/[hs]d[abcd]" echo "each partition informations of each disk" fdisk -l | grep "^/dev/[hs]d[abcd][1-9]" [root@localhost tmp]# bash ./disfree.sh all disks informations: Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sdc: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sdd: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes, 251658240 sectors each partition informations of each disk /dev/sdb1 2048 10487807 5242880 5 Extended /dev/sda1 * 2048 616447 307200 83 Linux /dev/sda2 616448 4812799 2098176 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 4812800 251658239 123422720 83 Linux [root@localhost tmp]#
4、總結RAID的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同；
5、創建一個大小為10G的RAID1，要求有一個空閑盤，而且CHUNK大小為128k; 首先要建立分區—-》 調整分區類型fd—->然后讓系統重讀分區信息kpartx -a /path/to/device
建立RAID1:mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -n 2 -l 1 -c 128 -x 1 /dev/sd[b-d]1 [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md127 /dev/md127: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Jan 1 13:27:16 2017 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 10482112 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB) Used Dev Size : 10482112 (10.00 GiB 10.73 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Mon Jan 2 00:29:12 2017 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain) UUID : fd6aa856:f594ccf5:bcb8b1fa:b666a0ff Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1 2 8 49 - spare /dev/sdd1
6、創建一個大小為4G的RAID5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
首先要建立分區----》 調整分區類型fd---->然后讓系統重讀分區信息kpartx -a /path/to/device 建立RAID1:mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -n 2 -l 5 -c 256 /dev/sd[b-d]1 格式化ext4文件系統： [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L 'mddata' /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label=mddata OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks 262144 inodes, 1047552 blocks 52377 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1073741824 32 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Jan 1 18:48:28 2017 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 4190208 (4.00 GiB 4.29 GB) Used Dev Size : 2095104 (2046.34 MiB 2145.39 MB) Raid Devices : 3 Total Devices : 3 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sun Jan 1 18:59:36 2017 State : clean Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 256K Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain) UUID : 9a2cade4:b8237d53:1ddcb8ce:b25afdfd Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1 3 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1 [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/md0 /dev/md0: LABEL="mddata" UUID="19d7ccc2-2c2a-4480-9578-8557356f2058" TYPE="ext4" [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue Nov 8 20:12:18 2016 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=e4326591-c5be-42b7-9a3f-080fdef925a7 / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=8096d939-e581-466a-b8b4-f77b509922a0 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=bf72d293-8677-41c5-8a2f-607f3b4b0e14 swap swap defaults 0 0 LABEL=mddata /backup ext4 defaults,noatime,acl 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# mount -a
7、寫一個腳本 (1) 接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數； (2) 顯示每個文件擁有的行數； (3) 總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/lines_counter.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo -n " please input paths of documents:"; read -a doc
wc -l ${doc[*]}
echo "total ${#doc[*]} pieces documents are count"
[root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/lines_counter.sh
please input paths of documents:/etc/fstab /etc/issue
15 /etc/fstab
3 /etc/issue
18 total
total 2 pieces documents are count
8、寫一個腳本 (1) 傳遞兩個以上字符串當作用戶名； (2) 創建這些用戶；且密碼同用戶名； (3) 總結說明共創建了幾個用戶；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/useradd
#!/bin/bash
echo -n " please input username:"; read -a name
for i in $(seq 0 $[${#name[*]}-1]); do
useradd ${name[$i]} && echo "${name[$i]}"| passwd ${name[$i]} --stdin
done
echo "total ${#name[*]} users are added"
[root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/useradd
please input username:jerr1 jerr2 jerr3 jerr4
Changing password for user jerr1.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
Changing password for user jerr2.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
Changing password for user jerr3.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
Changing password for user jerr4.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
total 4 users are added
[root@localhost ~]#
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1-visitor20；計算他們的ID之和；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/idcount #!/bin/bash declare -i sum=0 for ((i=1;i<=20;i++));do useradd visitor$i echo "user visitor$i added complete" let id1=$(id -u visitor$i) let sum+=$id1 done echo " total SUM of these id: $sum" [root@localhost ~]#
10、寫一腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/blank_counter.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo -n " please input paths of documents:"; read -a doc
declare -i total_lines=0
declare -i totla_blank=0
for i in $(seq 0 $[${#doc[*]}-1]);do
lines1=$(grep -E "^#.*" ${doc[$i]}| wc -l)
lines_blank=$(grep -E "^[[:space:]]*$" ${doc[$i]}| wc -l)
echo " ${doc[$i]} total lines begin with # : $lines1,total blank lines:$lines_blank"
let total_lines+=$lines1
let total_blank+=$lines_blank
done
echo "All documents total lines:$total_lines,total blank: $total_blank"
[root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/blank_counter.sh
please input paths of documents:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions /etc/fstab
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit total lines begin with # : 44,total blank lines:99
/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions total lines begin with # : 40,total blank lines:75
/etc/fstab total lines begin with # : 7,total blank lines:1
All documents total lines:91,total blank: 175
[root@localhost ~]#
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名、UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/UID_counter #!/bin/bash declare -i sum=0 while read line;do username=$(echo $line | cut -d: -f1) useruid=$(echo $line | cut -d: -f3) shell=$(echo $line | cut -d: -f7) if [ "$shell" == "/bin/bash" ];then echo "bash user: $username,$useruid" let sum+=$useruid fi done < /etc/passwd echo "total Sum of uid: $sum" [root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/UID_counter | tail bash user: visitor12,544 bash user: visitor13,545 bash user: visitor14,546 bash user: visitor15,547 bash user: visitor16,548 bash user: visitor17,549 bash user: visitor18,550 bash user: visitor19,551 bash user: visitor20,552 total Sum of uid: 27375 [root@localhost ~]#
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名；并說明共有多少個此類用戶；
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/usercounter #!/bin/bash declare -i sum=0 while read line;do username=$(echo $line | cut -d: -f1) id $username | grep ',' &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then echo "$username has secondary group" let sum+=1 fi done < /etc/passwd echo " total $sum users have secondary group" [root@localhost ~]# bash /tmp/usercounter qemu has secondary group postfix has secondary group mix has secondary group gesrrt has secondary group fedora has secondary group jow has secondary group magedu has secondary group total 7 users have secondary group [root@localhost ~]#
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組；要求，PE大小為8M；而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件系統，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl；
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg /dev/sda5 /dev/sda6 Volume group "myvg" successfully created [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name myvg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size 19.98 GiB PE Size 8.00 MiB Total PE 2558 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 2558 / 19.98 GiB VG UUID os7kzA-jngy-32xq-D0tE-Ey7S-Xgj9-tmpgnn root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg Logical volume "mylv1" created. [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv1 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks 65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280 40 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/myvg/mylv1 [root@localhost ~]# tune2fs -L mylv1 /dev/myvg/mylv1 tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/myvg/mylv1 /dev/myvg/mylv1: LABEL="mylv1" UUID="60c02ab3-e5f8-4629-b884-dd1a17f247b0" TYPE="ext4" [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Tue Nov 8 20:12:18 2016 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=e4326591-c5be-42b7-9a3f-080fdef925a7 / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=8096d939-e581-466a-b8b4-f77b509922a0 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=bf72d293-8677-41c5-8a2f-607f3b4b0e14 swap swap defaults 0 0 LABEL=mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
14、新建用戶magedu；其家目錄為/users/magedu，而后su切換至此用戶，復制多個文件至家目錄；
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu
[root@localhost magedu]# su magedu
[magedu@localhost ~]$ cp /etc/{fstab,issue} /user/magedu
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 9G /dev/myvg/mylv1 Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2 The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long.
16、縮減mylv1至7G，確保縮減完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/myvg/mylv1 [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information mylv1: 26/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75566/2359296 blocks root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 2G resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 to 524288 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 524288 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized.
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據；要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息；"
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -s -L 512M -p r -n mylv-snap /dev/myvg/mylv1 Logical volume "mylv-snap" created. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv-snap /mnt mount: /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv--snap is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@localhost magedu]# cp -a ./ /users/magedu cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./.bashrc’? y cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./.bash_profile’? cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./.bash_history’? cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./.bash_logout’? cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./fstab’? cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./issue’? cp: overwrite ‘/users/magedu/./.cache/abrt/lastnotification’? [root@localhost magedu]#
原創文章，作者：diglinux，如若轉載，請注明出處：http://www.www58058.com/65814
