1、Linux上的文件管理類命令都有哪些,其常用的使用方法及其相關示例演示。
文件類型:
- f: 常規文件,即f;
- d: directory,目錄文件;
- b: block device, 塊設備文件; block為單位,隨機訪問;
- c: character device,字符設備文件;character為單位,線性訪問;
- l: symbolic link, 符號鏈接文件、軟鏈接文件;
- p: name pipe,命名管道,有名字的管道;
- s: socket,套接字文件;
目錄管理: mkdir, rmdir
mkdir
- 命令參數是路徑基名,且其父目錄必須存在!
[root@localhost? ~]# ls /tmp/a/b/c [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/a/b/c mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/tmp/a/b/c’: No such file or directory
- 父目錄不存在時,可以使用 -p選項自動創建之;
[root@localhost? ~]# mkdir -pv /tmp/a/b/c mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/a’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/a/b’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/a/b/c’
- 創建后的目錄,默認權限是755。創建時,直接以選項參數給出其權限。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -ld /tmp/a/b/c drwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 0 Dec 9 23:56 /tmp/a/b/c [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -vp -m 700 /tmp/u/o/v mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/u/o’ mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/u/o/v’ [root@localhost ~]# ls -ld /tmp/u/o/v drwx------. 1 root root 0 Dec 9 23:59 /tmp/u/o/v
rmdir
- 只能刪除空目錄。
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /tmp/u/o/v
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /tmp/u/o
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /tmp/u
- 這樣刪除豈不是很麻煩?空目錄刪除后,其上一組目錄為空時,自動刪除;
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir -pv /tmp/a/b/c rmdir: removing directory, ‘/tmp/a/b/c’ rmdir: removing directory, ‘/tmp/a/b’ rmdir: removing directory, ‘/tmp/a’ rmdir: removing directory, ‘/tmp’ rmdir: failed to remove directory ‘/tmp’: Device or resource busy
文件管理: cp, rm, mv
cp
- 源:文件、目錄
- 目標:存在、不存在
源:單個文件
- 目標存在
- 文件:覆蓋目標文件。
- 目錄:創建與原文件同名的文件,并復制源文件數據流至此文件;復制后原名;
- 目標不存在:創建目標文件,并復制源文件數據流至此文件中:復制后重命名;
例如:
目標不存在:
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir test [root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/fstab test/hi [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab test/hi目標存在為目錄:
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/inittab test [root@localhost ~]# ls test hi inittab目標存在為文件:
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/issue test/hi
cp: overwrite ‘test/hi’? y
[root@localhost ~]# cat test/hi
\S
Kernel \r on an \m[root@localhost ~]#
源為單個目錄:和-r選項同時使用
- 目標不存在:創建空目錄,遞歸復制源目錄下的所有文件至此目錄中;
- 目標存在:創建與原目錄同名的空目錄,遞歸復制源目錄下的所有文件至此目錄中;
例如:
目標不存在:
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/init.d/ testdir cp: omitting directory ‘/etc/init.d/’ [root@localhost ~]# cp -r /etc/init.d/ testdir [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg sql.sh testdir test.sql目標存在為目錄:
[root@localhost ~]# ls testdir/
functions netconsole network README
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /etc/init.d/ testdir
[root@localhost ~]# ls testdir/
functions init.d netconsole network README
- cp命令是本身的別名,執行原命令:\COMMAND
- 復制鏈接文件;-d
- 歸檔復制:-a
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# type cp
cp is aliased to `cp -i’
[root@localhost ~]# ls testdir
functions init.d netconsole network README
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/fstab testdir/functions
cp: overwrite ‘testdir/functions’? n
[root@localhost ~]# \cp /etc/fstab testdir/functions
[root@localhost ~]#
復制鏈接:
[root@localhost ~]# file /etc/system-release
/etc/system-release: symbolic link to `centos-release’
[root@localhost ~]# cp /etc/system-release system
[root@localhost ~]# file system
system: ASCII text
[root@localhost ~]# cp -d /etc/system-release system.link
[root@localhost ~]# file system.link
system.link: broken symbolic link to `centos-release’
歸檔復制:-a 保留了: perm、ownership、timestamps、context、xattr、links、all 用于備份
rm
- 所有不用的文件不建議刪除,而是移動到另一個目錄;
- rm是rm的別名,別名同原名時,原命令被隱藏;此時執行原命令:\COMMAND
[root@localhost ~]# type rm rm is aliased to `rm -i' 刪除時交互式確認 [root@localhost ~]# rm test/hi rm: remove regular file ‘test/hi’? n [root@localhost ~]# ls test hi inittab [root@localhost ~]# \rm test/hi [root@localhost ~]# ls test inittab
- 遞歸刪除目錄;-rf
[root@localhost ~]# rm test rm: cannot remove ‘test’: Is a directory [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf test [root@localhost ~]# ls test ls: cannot access test: No such file or directory
mv
- 類似于cp命令,只是復制后會刪除原文件;復制目錄使用-r選項,但移動無須使用-r;
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg fstab magedu sql.sh system system.link testdir test.sql [root@localhost ~]# pwd /root [root@localhost ~]# mv testdir /root/ab [root@localhost ~]# ls ab anaconda-ks.cfg fstab magedu sql.sh system system.link test.sql
文件查看:cat, tac, more, less, head, tail
cat
- 連接文件并顯示至標準輸出上;
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# file /etc/fstab /etc/fstab: ASCII text [root@localhost ~]# file /etc/issue /etc/issue: ASCII text [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/issue /etc/fstab
- 給所有行編號:-n
[root@localhost ~]# cat -n /etc/issue /etc/fstab 1 \S 2 Kernel \r on an \m 3 4 5 # 6 # /etc/fstab 7 # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 2017 8 # 9 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 10 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 11 # 12 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d / btrfs subvol=root 0 0 13 UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 14 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 15 UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0
- 給非空白行編號:-b
[root@localhost ~]# cat -b /etc/issue /etc/fstab 1 \S 2 Kernel \r on an \m 3 # 4 # /etc/fstab 5 # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 2017 6 # 7 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 8 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 9 # 10 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d / btrfs subvol=root 0 0 11 UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 12 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 13 UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0
- 顯示$符:-E (Linux中行結束符為 $ )
[root@localhost ~]# cat -E /etc/issue /etc/fstab \S$ Kernel \r on an \m$ $ $ #$ # /etc/fstab$ # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 2017$ #$ # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'$ # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info$ #$ UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d / btrfs subvol=root 0 0$ UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0$ UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0$ UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0$
tac
- 和cat結果相反
[root@localhost ~]# tac /etc/issue /etc/fstab Kernel \r on an \m \S UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d / btrfs subvol=root 0 0 # # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 2017 # /etc/fstab #
more,less
- 使用方法相同:SPACE, b, ^d, ^u, ^f, ^b, Enter, ^k(^表示Ctrl鍵)
head
- -n # : 顯示前n行,默認顯示前10行;
[root@localhost ~]# head -3 /etc/issue 有趣的是和 -n 3相同; \S Kernel \r on an \m [root@localhost ~]# head -n 3 /etc/issue \S Kernel \r on an \m [root@localhost ~]# head /etc/issue \S Kernel \r on an \m [root@localhost ~]#
tail
- -n #: 顯示后n行,默認后10行;
[root@localhost ~]# tail -3 /etc/fstab UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# tail -n 3 /etc/fstab UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# tail /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 6 02:29:53 2017 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d / btrfs subvol=root 0 0 UUID=2be7b8fa-06a8-4bfc-8dfd-f16028231da9 /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=1c6a31f6-ebce-4324-bcb8-9bd036e5139d /home btrfs subvol=home 0 0 UUID=b89ca20c-115e-478e-a26e-20933d3ddc97 swap swap defaults 0 0文本處理命令: nano, cut, sort, tr, wc, diff, patch
nano
- 全屏編輯器:
- 目標文件不存在,自動創建之;
- 目標文件存在,打開之;
cut
- 文件截取工具;從文件的每一行截取片段;
- -d ‘DELM’ 指定分割符
- -f ‘LIST’ 挑選字段
- LIST:
- #:單個字段
- #-#: 連續字段
- #,#-#,#…離散字段
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd [root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f1,3 /etc/passwd [root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f1,3-5,7 /etc/passwd
sort
- 排序每一行,以ASCII碼編碼
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f3 /etc/passwd | sort 0 1 1000 1001 1002 11 113 12 14 170 171 172 173 2 27 29 3 32 38 4 42
- 沒有按照數字大小排序,如何進行數字順序而非ASCII碼排序?
[root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f3 /etc/passwd | sort -n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11
- 逆序:-r
[root@localhost ~]# cut -d':' -f3 /etc/passwd | sort -n -r 65534 1002 1001 1000 999 998 997 996 995
- 去重:-u
[root@localhost ~]# history | cut -d' ' -f5 | sort -u
- 以指定字段排序:-t ‘DEML’ -k ‘LIST’
[root@localhost ~]# sort -t: -k3 -n /etc/passwd
tr
- 對位轉換,刪除字符
例如:
- 對位轉換 tr ‘SET1’ ‘SET2’ 將SET1給出的字符對位轉換至SET2
[root@localhost ~]# echo "MageEdu" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' MAGEEDU
- 刪除字符
[root@localhost ~]# echo "MageEdu" | tr -d a MgeEdu
- 保留字符
~]# echo "MageEdu" | tr -dc a a[root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# echo "MageEdu" | tr -dc a | xargs a
wc
- 行數統計
[root@localhost ~]# wc /etc/fstab 12 60 595 /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# wc -l /etc/fstab 行 12 /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# wc -w /etc/fstab 單詞 60 /etc/fstab [root@localhost ~]# wc -m /etc/fstab 字符 595 /etc/fstab擴展:
[root@localhost ~]# wc -l < /etc/fstab 12 [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab | wc -l 12 [root@localhost ~]# wc -l /etc/fstab | cut -d' ' -f1 12diff
- 生成補丁逐行比較文件中的內容
[root@localhost ~]# cat my.txt 123 345 [root@localhost ~]# cat my.new 123 345 799
- 制作補丁
[root@localhost ~]# diff my.txt my.new > my.patchpatch
- 打補丁
[root@localhost ~]# cat my.txt 123 345 [root@localhost ~]# cat my.new 123 345 799 [root@localhost ~]# patch -i my.patch my.txt patching file my.txt [root@localhost ~]# cat my.txt 123 345 799 [root@localhost ~]# cat my.new 123 345 799
- 回滾:
[root@localhost ~]# patch -R my.txt my.patch patching file my.txt [root@localhost ~]# cat my.txt 123 345
2、bash的工作特性之命令執行狀態返回值和命令行展開所涉及的內容及其示例演示。
命令執行狀態返回值
bash通過狀態返回值輸出其結果:
- 成功: 0
- 失敗: 1-255: 不幸的家族各有各的不幸;
[root@localhost ~]# ls /var account cache db ftp gdm kerberos local log nis preserve spool var yp adm crash empty games gopher lib lock mail opt run tmp www [root@localhost ~]# echo $? 0 [root@localhost ~]# ls /varr ls: cannot access /varr: No such file or directory [root@localhost ~]# echo $? 2 [root@localhost ~]# lss /var -bash: lss: command not found [root@localhost ~]# echo $? 127
命令行展開
自動展開為當前有效用戶的家目錄: ~[USERNAME]
[root@localhost ~]# echo ~ /root [root@localhost ~]# id centos uid=1002(centos) gid=1002(centos) groups=1002(centos) [root@localhost ~]# echo ~centos /home/centos [root@localhost ~]# id fedo id: fedo: no such user [root@localhost ~]# echo ~fedo ~fedo可承載一個以逗號分隔的路徑列表,并能夠將其展開為多個路徑: { LIST }
[root@localhost ~]# echo {1..10} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /tmp/{a,b} [root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/{a,b} /tmp/a: /tmp/b:
3、請使用命令行展開功能來完成以下練習:
(1)、創建/tmp目錄下的:a_c, a_d, b_c, b_d
-
touch /tmp/{a,b}_{c,d}
(2)、創建/tmp/mylinux目錄下的:
mylinux/
├── bin
├── boot
│?? └── grub
├── dev
├── etc
│?? ├── rc.d
│?? │?? └── init.d
│?? └── sysconfig
│?? └── network-scripts
├── lib
│?? └── modules
├── lib64
├── proc
├── sbin
├── sys
├── tmp
├── usr
│?? └── local
│?? ├── bin
│?? └── sbin
└── var
├── lock
├── log
└── run
~]# mkdir -pv /tmp/mylinux/{bin,boot/grub,dev,etc/{rc.d/init.d,sysconfig/network},lib/modules,lib64,proc,sbin,sys,tmp,usr/local/{bin,sbin},var,lock,log,run}
4、文件的元數據信息有哪些,分別表示什么含義,如何查看?如何修改文件的時間戳信息。
- 文件
- 元數據:屬性信息
- 數據
獲取元數據:
[root@localhost ~]# stat anaconda-ks.cfg
File: ‘anaconda-ks.cfg’ 文件名
Size: 1637 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file大小, 塊, IO塊,普通文件
Device: 23h/35d Inode: 116147 Links: 1
塊設備號, Inode號, 被硬鏈接的次數
Access: (0600/-rw——-) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
訪問權限(mask/權限) UID, GID
Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0
安全標簽
Access: 2017-12-10 00:26:40.038441041 +0800
訪問時間戳
Modify: 2017-12-06 02:45:03.427012688 +0800
修改時間戳
Change: 2017-12-06 02:45:03.427012688 +0800改變時間戳
Birth: –
- touch命令: 修改時間戳
默認會創建一個文件;
[root@localhost ~]# file a
a: cannot open (No such file or directory)
[root@localhost ~]# touch a
[root@localhost ~]# file a
a: empty修改atime
[root@localhost ~]# touch -a anaconda-ks.cfg [root@localhost ~]# stat anaconda-ks.cfg File: ‘anaconda-ks.cfg’ Size: 1637 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: 23h/35d Inode: 116147 Links: 1 Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2017-12-10 01:21:09.254267871 +0800 Modify: 2017-12-06 02:45:03.427012688 +0800 Change: 2017-12-10 01:21:09.254267871 +0800 Birth: -修改mtime
[root@localhost ~]# touch -m anaconda-ks.cfg [root@localhost ~]# stat anaconda-ks.cfg File: ‘anaconda-ks.cfg’ Size: 1637 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: 23h/35d Inode: 116147 Links: 1 Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2017-12-10 01:21:09.254267871 +0800 Modify: 2017-12-10 01:21:44.839202055 +0800 Change: 2017-12-10 01:21:44.839202055 +0800 Birth: -不存在時,不創建文件
[root@localhost ~]# file b b: cannot open (No such file or directory) [root@localhost ~]# touch -c b [root@localhost ~]# file b b: cannot open (No such file or directory)
修改atime或mtime至指定時間;
[root@localhost ~]# touch -am -t 201211111111.00 anaconda-ks.cfg [root@localhost ~]# stat anaconda-ks.cfg File: ‘anaconda-ks.cfg’ Size: 1637 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: 23h/35d Inode: 116147 Links: 1 Access: (0600/-rw-------) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2012-11-11 11:11:00.000000000 +0800 Modify: 2012-11-11 11:11:00.000000000 +0800 Change: 2017-12-10 01:23:14.967568140 +0800 Birth: -
5、如何定義一個命令的別名,如何在命令中引用另一個命令的執行結果?
Alias
- 查看所有別名
[root@localhost ~]# alias alias cp='cp -i' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
- 定義別名
[root@localhost ~]# cls -bash: cls: command not found [root@localhost ~]# alias cls='clear' [root@localhost ~]# alias alias cls='clear' alias cp='cp -i' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
- 泉水別名
[root@localhost ~]# unalias cls [root@localhost ~]# cls -bash: cls: command not found
命令引用
命令執行結果:
1) $(COMMAND)
2)
COMMAND
例如:
[root@localhost ~]# echo `pwd` /root [root@localhost ~]# echo $(date) Sun Dec 10 01:28:42 CST 2017
強引用和弱引用
- 1)變量會被替換為其值
- 2)變量不會被替換為其值
[root@localhost ~]# echo "$SHELL" /bin/bash [root@localhost ~]# echo '$SHELL' $SHELL
6、顯示/var目錄下所有以l開頭,以一個小寫字母結尾,且中間至少出現一位數字(可以有其它字符)的文件或目錄。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /var/l*[0-9]*[[:lower:]]
7、顯示/etc目錄下,以任意一個數字開頭,且以非數字結尾的文件或目錄。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /etc/[0-9]*[^0-9]
8、顯示/etc目錄下,以非字母開頭,后面跟了一個字母以及其它任意長度任意字符的文件或目錄。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /etc/[^a-z][a-z]*
9、在/tmp目錄下創建以tfile開頭,后跟當前日期和時間的文件,文件名形如:tfile-2016-05-27-09-32-22。
[root@localhost ~]# touch /tmp/tfile-$(date +”%F-%H-%M-%S”)
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/tf*[0-9]
/tmp/tfile-2017-12-10-01-36-08
10、復制/etc目錄下所有以p開頭,以非數字結尾的文件或目錄到/tmp/mytest1目錄中。
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -v /tmp/mytest1/
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mytest1/’
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /etc/p*[^0-9]
[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /etc/p*[^0-9] /tmp/mytest1/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/mytest1/
pam.d passwd- pinforc plymouth pnm2ppa.conf postfix prelink.conf.d profile protocols
passwd pbm2ppa.conf pki pm popt.d ppp printcap profile.d pulse
11、復制/etc目錄下所有以.d結尾的文件或目錄至/tmp/mytest2目錄中。
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -v /tmp/mytest2
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mytest2’
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /etc/*.d
[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /etc/*.d /tmp/mytest2
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/mytest2
12、復制/etc/目錄下所有以l或m或n開頭,以.conf結尾的文件至/tmp/mytest3目錄中。
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -v /tmp/mytest3
mkdir: created directory ‘/tmp/mytest3’
[root@localhost ~]# ls -d /etc/[lmn]*.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cp -a /etc/[lmn]*.conf /tmp/mytest3
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/mytest3
ld.so.conf libaudit.conf locale.conf man_db.conf nfsmount.conf ntp.conf
lftp.conf libuser.conf logrotate.conf mke2fs.conf nsswitch.conf
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學了rm之后不應該再有rmdir這個命令的疑問了~~后面實戰的部分也建議使用markdown~繼續加油