1、創建一個10G分區，并格式為ext4文件系統；
(1) 要求其block大小為2048, 預留空間百分比為2, 卷標為MYDATA, 默認掛載屬性包含acl；
(2) 掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳；
~]# fdisk /dev/sda p:查看分區列表 n：創建10G的邏輯分區 w:保存并寫入磁盤 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda 連續執行兩遍 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L "MYDATA" /dev/sda5 ~]# mkdir -p /data/mydata ~]# mount -o noatime, noexec,acl /dev/sda5 /data/mydata
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之；
~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (4175-15665, default 4175):
Using default value 4175
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4175-15665, default 15665): +1G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 6 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): w
~]# partx -a /dev/sda
~]# partx -a /dev/sda
LKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
[root@magelinux ~]# mkswap /dev/sda6
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB
no label, UUID=d8e98437-9162-460f-a2ed-03ce35c86fc9
~]# swapon /dev/sda6
3、寫一個腳本
(1)、獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備；
(2)、顯示每個磁盤設備上每個分區相關的空間使用信息；
#!/bin/bash
#
fdisk -l | grep -o "^/dev/[[:alnum:]]\{3,\}"
df -hl
4、總結RAID的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同；
RAID0:需要2塊或者2塊以上的盤組合
可用空間：N*min(S1,S2,…)
讀寫性能都會提升，無冗余功能
無容錯能力。
一個盤壞，所有數據都會丟失
最求最大容量和速度，安全性最低
RAID1：需要2塊或者2塊以上的盤組合
可用空間：1*min(S1,S2,…)
硬盤數量越多，其讀取速度就越大，但它的寫的速度有稍微的降低。
有冗余功能，最大容錯：n-1
但無論有多少個盤，其容量僅為一個盤。
最求最大安全性
RAID5：需要最少3塊硬盤
可用空間：(N-1)*min(S1,S2,…)
有冗余功能，最大容錯：1
最求最大容量，最小預算。
RAID6：需要最少4塊硬盤
可用空間：(N-2)*min(S1,S2,…)
有冗余功能，最大容錯：2
相比RAID5較安全
RAID10：需要最少4塊硬盤。
可用空間：n/2*min(S1,S2,…)
有冗余功能：最大容錯：n/2
安全性高，集合了RAID0與RAID1的優點
5、創建一個大小為10G的RAID1，要求有一個空閑盤，而且CHUNK大小為128k;
[root@magelinux tmp]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (4307-15665, default 4307):
Using default value 4307
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4307-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (5613-15665, default 5613):
Using default value 5613
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5613-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (6919-15665, default 6919):
Using default value 6919
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (6919-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-8): 7
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 7 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-8): 8
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 8 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-9): 9
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 9 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
[root@magelinux tmp]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 8
[root@magelinux tmp]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 8
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 9
root@magelinux dev]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -n 2 -l 1 -x 1 -c 128 /dev/sda{7,8,9}
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
[root@magelinux dev]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md0 : active raid1 sda9[2](S) sda8[1] sda7[0]
10482176 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU]
[>....................] resync = 3.2% (335872/10482176) finish=4.5min speed=37319K/sec
6、創建一個大小為4G的RAID5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
[root@magelinux ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (8225-15665, default 8225):
Using default value 8225
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (8225-15665, default 15665): +2G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (8487-15665, default 8487):
Using default value 8487
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (8487-15665, default 15665): +2G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (8749-15665, default 8749):
Using default value 8749
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (8749-15665, default 15665): +2G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-12): 10
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 10 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-12): 11
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 11 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-12): 12
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 12 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
root@magelinux ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 8
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 9
[root@magelinux ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 8
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 9
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 10
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 11
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 12
[root@magelinux ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -n 3 -c 256K -l 5 /dev/sda{10,11,12}
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md1 started.
[root@magelinux ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=64 blocks, Stripe width=128 blocks
262944 inodes, 1051136 blocks
52556 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1077936128
33 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7968 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@magelinux ~]# mkdir /backup
root@magelinux ~]# blkid
/dev/sda2: UUID="95d2365a-6617-4f22-8e37-b09710889454" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda1: UUID="0272d96d-ef83-40f9-b04f-03f18a9b6761" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda3: UUID="dd168e27-cbc1-46ae-8064-91ea6580d897" TYPE="swap"
/dev/block/8:2: UUID="95d2365a-6617-4f22-8e37-b09710889454" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda5: LABEL="MYDATA" UUID="ac999e9a-a3a3-4524-85d5-b84674a224b5" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda6: UUID="d8e98437-9162-460f-a2ed-03ce35c86fc9" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda7: UUID="b0764f82-324e-56a7-01e0-46888c4d22bf" UUID_SUB="be0ba639-5fd8-69fa-3f6f-2c56f535a7c4" LABEL="magelinux:0" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/sda8: UUID="b0764f82-324e-56a7-01e0-46888c4d22bf" UUID_SUB="f61613d7-72fe-6475-b9f0-709bee024cb6" LABEL="magelinux:0" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/sda9: UUID="b0764f82-324e-56a7-01e0-46888c4d22bf" UUID_SUB="3652cfe2-88b6-45b8-f736-78cb3e8eae28" LABEL="magelinux:0" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/sda10: UUID="c82749e9-1f1c-53a1-9e92-47d70dd07a53" UUID_SUB="84f87f9f-ee97-e5cb-b49c-0fe224e39f5a" LABEL="magelinux:1" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/sda11: UUID="c82749e9-1f1c-53a1-9e92-47d70dd07a53" UUID_SUB="ecdcc6df-c4da-a167-650d-2c8046a072a1" LABEL="magelinux:1" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/sda12: UUID="c82749e9-1f1c-53a1-9e92-47d70dd07a53" UUID_SUB="61d34300-af29-9ed0-d116-fa045fba7c0f" LABEL="magelinux:1" TYPE="linux_raid_member"
/dev/md1: UUID="da965a4f-afc7-4375-9f47-d69910523cee" TYPE="ext4"
[root@magelinux /]# vim /etc/fstab
UUID=da965a4f-afc7-4375-9f47-d69910523cee /backup ext4 defaults,acl,nodiratime 0 0
7、寫一個腳本
(1) 接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數；
(2) 顯示每個文件擁有的行數；
(3) 總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i sum=0 if [ $# -lt 1 ];then echo “請您至少給出一條文件路徑” && exit 1 fi for i in $@;do if [ -f $i ];then echo "$i 的文件的行數是： `wc -l $i | cut -d" " -f1` " let sum++ else echo "$i 不是正確的文件路徑" fi done echo "本次統計的文件數為： $sum"
8、寫一個腳本
(1) 傳遞兩個以上字符串當作用戶名；
(2) 創建這些用戶；且密碼同用戶名；
(3) 總結說明共創建了幾個用戶；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i name=0 if [ $# -lt 2 ] ;then echo "Please give at least two need to create a username" && exit 5 fi for i in $@;do id $i &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then echo "This $i exists" else useradd $i && echo "$i" | passwd --stdin $i let name++ fi done echo "Create user number：$name"
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1-visitor20；計算他們的ID之和；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i sum=0
for i in {1..20};do
useradd visitor$i && echo "visitor$i UID is: `id -u visitor$i`"
name=$(id -u visitor$i)
let sum+=$name
done
echo "the user UID sum is : $sum"
10、寫一腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i a=0
declare -i b=0
for i in {/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit,/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions,/etc/fstab};do
fu=`grep "^#" $i | wc -l`
ng=`grep "^[[:space:]]\+$" $i | wc -l`
let a+=$fu
let b+=$ng
done
echo "The total number of # for the beginning ：$a"
echo "Total number of blank lines:$b"
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名、UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i sum=0 user=$(grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd) for i in $user;do uid=`echo $i | cut -d: -f3` user=`echo $i | cut -d: -f1` echo "$user UID is $uid" let sum+=$uid done echo "默認shell為bash的用戶UID之和為：$sum"
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名；并說明共有多少個此類用戶；
#!/bin/bash
declare -i user=0
name=`cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd`
for i in $name;do
group=`id $i|cut -d" " -f3|awk -F"," '{print $2}'`
if [ -n "$group" ];then
echo "$i 擁有附加組"
let user++
fi
done
echo "擁有附加組的用戶總數是： $user"
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組；要求，PE大小為8M；而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件系統，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl；
[root@magelinux ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2869-15665, default 2869):
Using default value 2869
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2869-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (4175-15665, default 4175):
Using default value 4175
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4175-15665, default 15665): +10G
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 5
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 5 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 6 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d5ced
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 64 2614 20480000 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 2614 2869 2048000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda4 2869 15665 102788088+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 2869 4174 10486599+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda6 4175 5480 10490413+ 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@magelinux ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
[root@magelinux ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda5
Physical volume "/dev/sda5" successfully created
[root@magelinux ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda6
Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created
[root@magelinux ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda5 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
/dev/sda6 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
[root@magelinux ~]# vgcreate -s 8M myvg /dev/sda{5,6}
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@magelinux ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.99 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2559
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2559 / 19.99 GiB
VG UUID NnCyy1-kevE-pul3-aGpH-GySi-GOQT-S4DABZ
[root@magelinux ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv myvg
Logical volume "mylv" created.
[root@magelinux ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv
LV Name mylv
VG Name myvg
LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time magelinux, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 5.00 GiB
Current LE 640
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
[root@magelinux ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 23 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@magelinux ~]# blkid
/dev/sda2: UUID="95d2365a-6617-4f22-8e37-b09710889454" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda1: UUID="0272d96d-ef83-40f9-b04f-03f18a9b6761" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda3: UUID="dd168e27-cbc1-46ae-8064-91ea6580d897" TYPE="swap"
/dev/block/8:2: UUID="95d2365a-6617-4f22-8e37-b09710889454" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda5: UUID="hXii7i-t1yU-k5ZA-3C6q-67iZ-2Rz0-JkZF2e" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/sda6: UUID="CLhY2q-9K77-she6-G7Mr-w4nw-9ZLv-J7ccsH" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/myvg-mylv: UUID="1e6bda45-524f-403e-9f52-5fa0d0c4f56b" TYPE="ext4"
編輯/etc/fstab,在文末行添加此行內容
UUID=1e6bda45-524f-403e-9f52-5fa0d0c4f56b /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0
14、新建用戶magedu；其家目錄為/users/magedu，而后su切換至此用戶，復制多個文件至家目錄；
[root@magelinux ~]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [root@magelinux ~]# su - magedu [magedu@magelinux ~]$ cp -ar /etc/rc.d/* ~
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@magelinux ~]# lvextend -L +4G /dev/myvg/mylv Size of logical volume myvg/mylv changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv successfully resized [root@magelinux ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv LV Name mylv VG Name myvg LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time magelinux, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 9.00 GiB Current LE 1152 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [root@magelinux ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv to 2359296 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv is now 2359296 blocks long.
16、縮減mylv1至7G，確保縮減完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@magelinux ~]# umount /dev/myvg/mylv [root@magelinux ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/myvg/mylv: 11/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 72671/2359296 blocks [root@magelinux ~]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv [root@magelinux ~]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mylv WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv successfully resized [root@magelinux ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/myvg/mylv LV Name mylv VG Name myvg LV UUID 5sVS3Y-xers-mlnv-c32W-pOnb-shBo-xLCxmD LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time magelinux, 2016-08-26 23:31:39 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 7.00 GiB Current LE 896 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [root@magelinux ~]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv /users
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據；要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息；
[root@magelinux users]# lvcreate -L 1G -n snapmylv -p r -s /dev/myvg/mylv [root@magelinux users]# cd /dev/myvg/ [root@magelinux myvg]# ls mylv snapmylv
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