1、創建一個10G分區，并格式為ext4文件系統；
(1) 要求其block大小為2048, 預留空間百分比為2, 卷標為MYDATA, 默認掛載屬性包含acl；
(2) 掛載至/data/mydata目錄，要求掛載時禁止程序自動運行，且不更新文件的訪問時間戳；
創建一個10G的分區：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (196081664-251658239, default 196081664):
Using default value 196081664
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (196081664-251658239, default 251658239): +10G
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-6
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-7
格式化等操作：
~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 2 -L 'MYDATA' /dev/sda7
~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sda7
~]# mount -o noatime,noexec /dev/sda7 /mnt/sda7
2、創建一個大小為1G的swap分區，并創建好文件系統，并啟用之；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (193982464-251658239, default 193982464):
Using default value 193982464
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (193982464-251658239, default 251658239): +1G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 1 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-5
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-6
[root@localhost ~]#mkswap /dev/sda6
[root@localhost ~]#swapon /dev/sda6
3、寫一個腳本
(1)、獲取并列出當前系統上的所有磁盤設備；
(2)、顯示每個磁盤設備上每個分區相關的空間使用信息；
#!/bin/bash # echo "disk infomation:" fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[z-a] echo "-----------------------" echo "partition infomation:" df -lh
4、總結RAID的各個級別及其組合方式和性能的不同；
raid-0: 條帶卷，讀寫性能有所提升 可用空間：N*min（S1,S2...） 無容錯能力 最少磁盤數：2 raid-1： 讀性能提升、寫性能略有下降 可用空間：1*min(S1,S2...) 有冗余能力 最少磁盤數：2 raid-5： 讀，寫性能提升 可用空間：(N-1)*min(S1,S2...) 有容錯能力：1塊磁盤 最少磁盤數：3 raid-6： 讀寫性能提升 可用空間：(N-2)*(S1,S2...) 有容錯能力：2塊磁盤 最少磁盤數：4 JBOD: 將多塊磁盤的空間合并一個大的連續空間使用 可用空間：sum(S1,S2...) raid-10： 讀寫性能提升 可用空間：N*min(S1,S2...) 有容錯能力：每組鏡像最多只能壞一塊 最少磁盤數：4
5、創建一個大小為10G的RAID1，要求有一個空閑盤，而且CHUNK大小為128k;
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x9597ecff.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9597ecff
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-125829119, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-125829119, default 125829119): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9597ecff
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 20973568 41945087 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 41945088 62916607 10485760 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 64.4 GB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x9597ecff
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb2 20973568 41945087 10485760 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb3 41945088 62916607 10485760 fd Linux raid autodetect
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
partx: /dev/sdb: error adding partitions 1-3
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -c 128K -n 2 -l 1 -x 1 /dev/sdb{1,2,3}
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Thu Dec 1 16:27:49 2016
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 10477568 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB)
Used Dev Size : 10477568 (9.99 GiB 10.73 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Thu Dec 1 16:28:41 2016
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Name : localhost.localdomain:0 (local to host localhost.localdomain)
UUID : 76db81c7:812deaf4:a8679005:cd602505
Events : 17
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
2 8 19 - spare /dev/sdb3
6、創建一個大小為4G的RAID5設備，chunk大小為256k，格式化ext4文件系統，要求可開機自動掛載至/backup目錄，而且不更新訪問時間戳，且支持acl功能；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-125829119, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-125829119, default 125829119): +4G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 4 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sdb
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md1 -a yes -c 256k -n 3 -l 5 /dev/sdb{1,2,3}
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks
524288 inodes, 2095104 blocks
104755 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2145386496
64 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults,acl,noatime 0 0" >>/etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab
/dev/md1 /backup ext4 defaults,acl,noatime 0 0
7、寫一個腳本
(1) 接受一個以上文件路徑作為參數；
(2) 顯示每個文件擁有的行數；
(3) 總結說明本次共為幾個文件統計了其行數；
#!/bin/bash # #define a value of all_line declare -i linesum=0 if [ $# -lt 1 ] ;then echo "At least one file." && exit 1 fi for i in $*;do if ! [ -a $i ];then echo "file $i not exists." && exit 2 fi line=$(cat $i |wc -l) echo "$i file have $line line." let linesum+=$line done echo "the bash count $# files,all the lines is $linesum."
8、寫一個腳本
(1) 傳遞兩個以上字符串當作用戶名；
(2) 創建這些用戶；且密碼同用戶名；
(3) 總結說明共創建了幾個用戶；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i count=0 if [ $# -le 0 ] ;then echo "At least one username." && exit 1 fi for username in $@ ;do if ! id $username &>/dev/null;then let count+=1 useradd $username echo "$username" | passwd --stdin $username echo "$username add finished." else echo "$username exist." fi done echo "Finally,add user $count."
9、寫一個腳本，新建20個用戶，visitor1-visitor20；計算他們的ID之和；
#!/bin/bash
#
declare -i useridsum=0
for i in {1..20};do
if id visitor$i &>/dev/null;then
echo "visitor$i exist."
else
useradd visitor$i
fi
userid=$(id -u visitor$i)
let useridsum+=$userid
done
echo $useridsum
10、寫一腳本，分別統計/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit、/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions和/etc/fstab文件中以#號開頭的行數之和，以及總的空白行數；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i jinlinesum=0 declare -i splinesum=0 for value in /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions /etc/fstab ;do if ! [ -a $value ] ;then echo "$value not exist." else jinline=$(grep "^#.*" $value | wc -l ) spline=$(grep "^[[:space:]]*$" $value| wc -l) let jinlinesum+=$jinline let splinesum+=$spline fi done echo "jinhao lines are $jinlinesum" echo "space lines are $splinesum"
11、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有默認shell為bash的用戶的用戶名、UID以及此類所有用戶的UID之和；
#!/bin/bash # declare -i useridsum=0 for value in `grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd`;do userid=$(echo $value | cut -d: -f3) username=$(echo $value |cut -d: -f1) let useridsum+=$userid echo "$username $userid" done echo "all the shell is bash user's id_sum:$useridsum."
12、寫一個腳本，顯示當前系統上所有，擁有附加組的用戶的用戶名；并說明共有多少個此類用戶；
#!/bin/bash # declare groupsum=0 for username in $(cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd);do #判斷tmp是否大于等于2，如果是則證明此user擁有附加組 tmp=$(id -G $username | wc -w) if [ $tmp -ge 2 ];then let groupsum+=1 fi done echo $groupsum
13、創建一個由至少兩個物理卷組成的大小為20G的卷組；要求，PE大小為8M；而在卷組中創建一個大小為5G的邏輯卷mylv1，格式化為ext4文件系統，開機自動掛載至/users目錄，支持acl；
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (193982464-251658239, default 193982464):
Using default value 193982464
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (193982464-251658239, default 251658239): +10G
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 7
First sector (214956032-251658239, default 214956032):
Using default value 214956032
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (214956032-251658239, default 251658239): +10G
Partition 7 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-7, default 7): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-7, default 7):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-5
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
partx: /dev/sda: error adding partitions 1-7
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda{6,7}
Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sda7" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate myvg -s 8M /dev/sda{6,7}
Volume group "myvg" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay myvg
--- Volume group ---
VG Name myvg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 19.98 GiB
PE Size 8.00 MiB
Total PE 2558
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 2558 / 19.98 GiB
VG UUID rx2dvs-hc2o-y0Za-w4oa-jaQk-AM7G-VLXkqn
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 5G -n mylv1 myvg
Logical volume "mylv1" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
mylv1 myvg -wi-a----- 5.00g
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/myvg/mylv1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
327680 inodes, 1310720 blocks
65536 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /users
[root@localhost ~]# echo "/dev/myvg/mylv1 /users ext4 defaults,acl 0 0">>/etc/fstab
14、新建用戶magedu；其家目錄為/users/magedu，而后su切換至此用戶，復制多個文件至家目錄；
[root@localhost users]# useradd -d /users/magedu magedu [root@localhost users]# su - magedu [magedu@localhost ~]$ pwd /users/magedu [magedu@localhost ~]$ cp /etc/fstab /etc/inittab ./ [magedu@localhost ~]$ ls fstab inittab
15、擴展mylv1至9G，確保擴展完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost users]# lvextend -L 9G /dev/myvg/mylv1 Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 5.00 GiB (640 extents) to 9.00 GiB (1152 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized [root@localhost users]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/myvg/mylv1 is mounted on /users; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2 The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 2359296 blocks long. [root@localhost users]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda5 50G 5.0G 46G 10% / devtmpfs 481M 0 481M 0% /dev tmpfs 490M 84K 490M 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 490M 14M 477M 3% /run tmpfs 490M 0 490M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda2 40G 36M 40G 1% /home /dev/sda1 497M 124M 373M 25% /boot /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1 8.8G 23M 8.3G 1% /users
16、縮減mylv1至7G，確?？s減完成后原有數據完全可用；
[root@localhost /]# umount /users [root@localhost /]# e2fsck -f /dev/myvg/mylv1 e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/myvg/mylv1: 26/589824 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 75566/2359296 blocks [root@localhost /]# resize2fs /dev/myvg/mylv1 7G resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 to 1835008 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/myvg/mylv1 is now 1835008 blocks long. [root@localhost /]# lvreduce -L 7G /dev/myvg/mylv1 WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 7.00 GiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce mylv1? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume myvg/mylv1 changed from 9.00 GiB (1152 extents) to 7.00 GiB (896 extents). Logical volume mylv1 successfully resized [root@localhost /]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv1 /users [root@localhost /]# cd /users [root@localhost users]# ls lost+found magedu
17、對mylv1創建快照，并通過備份數據；要求保留原有的屬主屬組等信息；
[root@localhost users]# lvcreate -s -L 512M -n mylv1-snap -pr /dev/myvg/mylv1 Logical volume "mylv1-snap" created. [root@localhost users]# mkdir /mnt/mylv1-snap [root@localhost mnt]# mount /dev/myvg/mylv1-snap /mnt/mylv1-snap/ mount: /dev/mapper/myvg-mylv1--snap is write-protected, mounting read-only
原創文章，作者：N22-成都-stephen，如若轉載，請注明出處：http://www.www58058.com/63860
贊，總結的很認真~~整體看下來很舒服~繼續加油~